OPERATOR

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🐍 OPERATORS IN PYTHON

Arithmetic • Relational • Logical • Assignment • Ternary • Bitwise • Increment / Decrement

📘 1. What is an Operator?

An operator is a symbol or keyword used to perform an operation on one or more values, called operands.

Example: 10 + 20
Here, + is the operator and 10 and 20 are operands.

📚 2. Types of Operators in Python

➕ Arithmetic
Mathematical calculations

⚖️ Relational
Compare values

🧠 Logical
Combine conditions

📝 Assignment
Assign values

❓ Ternary
Conditional expression

💻 Bitwise
Operate on bits

🔄 Increment / Decrement
Value modification

1️⃣ ➕ Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical calculations on numerical values.

Operator	Name	Example	Result
+	Addition	10 + 3	13
-	Subtraction	10 - 3	7
*	Multiplication	10 * 3	30
/	Division	10 / 3	3.333...
//	Floor Division	10 // 3	3
%	Modulus	10 % 3	1
**	Exponentiation	2 ** 3	8

a = 10
b = 3

print(a + b)
print(a - b)
print(a * b)
print(a / b)
print(a // b)
print(a % b)
print(a ** b)

13
7
30
3.3333333333333335
3
1
1000

2️⃣ ⚖️ Relational / Comparison Operators

Relational operators compare two values and return either True or False.

Operator	Meaning	Example	Result
==	Equal to	10 == 10	True
!=	Not equal to	10 != 5	True
>	Greater than	10 > 5	True
<	Less than	10 < 5	False
>=	Greater than or equal	10 >= 10	True
<=	Less than or equal	5 <= 10	True

a = 10
b = 5

print(a == b)
print(a != b)
print(a > b)
print(a < b)
print(a >= b)
print(a <= b)

False
True
True
False
True
False

3️⃣ 🧠 Logical / Boolean Operators

Logical operators are used to combine multiple conditions. They return True or False when used with Boolean conditions.

Operator	Meaning	Example
and	True if both conditions are True	A and B
or	True if at least one condition is True	A or B
not	Reverses the Boolean result	not A

Example: and

a = 10

print(a > 5 and a < 20)

True

Example: or

a = 10

print(a < 5 or a > 5)

True

Example: not

a = True

print(not a)

False

4️⃣ 📝 Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign or update values stored in variables.

Operator	Example	Equivalent Expression
=	x = 10	x = 10
+=	x += 5	x = x + 5
-=	x -= 5	x = x - 5
*=	x *= 5	x = x * 5
/=	x /= 5	x = x / 5
//=	x //= 5	x = x // 5
%=	x %= 5	x = x % 5
**=	x **= 2	x = x ** 2
&=	x &= 2	x = x & 2
|=	x |= 2	x = x | 2
^=	x ^= 2	x = x ^ 2
>>=	x >>= 1	x = x >> 1
<<=	x <<= 1	x = x << 1

x = 10

x += 5
print(x)

x *= 2
print(x)

x -= 5
print(x)

15
30
25

5️⃣ ❓ Ternary Operator

Python does not have a separate ?: operator like C or Java. Instead, Python provides a conditional expression, commonly called the ternary operator.

Syntax

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example

age = 20

result = "Adult" if age >= 18 else "Minor"

print(result)

Adult

Another Example

a = 10
b = 20

largest = a if a > b else b

print(largest)

20

💡 The ternary expression is useful when a simple if-else decision needs to be written in one line.

6️⃣ 💻 Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators work directly on the binary representation of integer values.

Operator	Name	Example
&	Bitwise AND	5 & 3
|	Bitwise OR	5 | 3
^	Bitwise XOR	5 ^ 3
~	Bitwise NOT	~5
<<	Left Shift	5 << 1
>>	Right Shift	5 >> 1

Example

a = 5
b = 3

print(a & b)
print(a | b)
print(a ^ b)
print(~a)
print(a << 1)
print(a >> 1)

1
7
6
-6
10
2

🔢 7️⃣ Bitwise Operation Example

Consider:

a = 5
b = 3

Binary representations:

Decimal	Binary
5	0101
3	0011

Bitwise AND

5 & 3

0101
0011
----
0001

Result = 1

Bitwise OR

0101
0011
----
0111

Result = 7

Bitwise XOR

0101
0011
----
0110

Result = 6

7️⃣ 🔄 Increment and Decrement Operators

Python does not provide the ++ increment or -- decrement operators found in languages such as C, C++ and Java.

Instead, Python uses += 1 and -= 1.

Increment

x = 10

x += 1

print(x)

11

Decrement

x = 10

x -= 1

print(x)

9

⚠️ Remember: x++ and x-- are invalid syntax in Python.

⚖️ 8️⃣ Python vs C/Java Increment Operators

Operation	C / Java	Python
Increment	x++	x += 1
Decrement	x--	x -= 1
Increase by 5	x += 5	x += 5
Decrease by 5	x -= 5	x -= 5

🧮 9️⃣ Combined Example

a = 10
b = 5

# Arithmetic
print(a + b)

# Relational
print(a > b)

# Logical
print(a > 5 and b < 10)

# Assignment
a += 2
print(a)

# Ternary
result = "Large" if a > 10 else "Small"
print(result)

# Bitwise
print(a & b)

# Increment
a += 1
print(a)

# Decrement
a -= 1
print(a)

15
True
True
12
Large
4
13
12

✅ Advantages of Operators

• Make mathematical calculations simple.
• Allow comparison between values.
• Help combine multiple conditions.
• Make variable updates easy.
• Support conditional expressions.
• Bitwise operators provide low-level bit manipulation.
• Make programs shorter and more expressive.

❌ Common Problems / Limitations

• Incorrect operator selection can produce wrong results.
• Operator precedence can sometimes be confusing for beginners.
• Bitwise operations require understanding binary numbers.
• Python does not support ++ and --.
• Division by zero causes an error.

🎯 Important Points for Examination

1. + performs addition.
2. - performs subtraction.
3. * performs multiplication.
4. / performs division.
5. // performs floor division.
6. % returns the remainder.
7. ** performs exponentiation.
8. Relational operators return True or False.
9. and, or, not are logical operators.
10. Assignment operators assign or update values.
11. Python uses conditional expressions instead of the C-style ?: operator.
12. Bitwise operators work on binary representations of integers.
13. Python does not support ++ and --.
14. Use += 1 for increment.
15. Use -= 1 for decrement.

📌 Quick Summary

Operator Type	Main Operators	Purpose
Arithmetic	+ - * / // % **	Mathematical calculations
Relational	== != > < >= <=	Compare values
Logical	and, or, not	Combine conditions
Assignment	= += -= *= /= %= **=	Assign/update values
Ternary	x if condition else y	Short conditional decision
Bitwise	& | ^ ~ << >>	Bit-level operations
Increment	+= 1	Increase value
Decrement	-= 1	Decrease value

© Python Programming Educational Notes | Created by Bijan Krishna Paul

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